| Level I | Good quality evidence |
Systematic review of RCTs with consistent findings High quality individual RCT |
| Level II |
Limited quality patient orientated evidence |
Systematic review of lower quality studies or studies with inconsistent findings Low quality clinical trial Cohort studies Case-control studies |
| Level III | Other |
Consensus guidelines, extrapolations from bench research, usual practice, opinion, disease-oriented evidence (intermediate or physiologic outcomes only), or case series |
[3] Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis (timing): Bratzler DW, Dellinger EP, Olsen KM, Perl TM, Auwaerter PG, Bolon MK, Fish DN, Napolitano LM, Sawyer RG, Slain D, Steinberg JP, Weinstein RA; American Society of Health-System Pharmacists; Infectious Disease Society of America; Surgical Infection Society; Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America. Clinical practice guidelines for antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgery. Am J Health Syst
Pharm. 2013 Feb 1;70(3):195-283. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23327981
Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis (timing):Burke JP. Maximizing appropriate antibiotic prophylaxis for surgical patients:an update from LDS Hospital, Salt Lake City. ClinInfect Dis. 2001 Sep 1;33Suppl2:S78-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11486303
Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis (timing): Bratzler DW, Houck PM, Richards C, Steele L, Dellinger EP, Fry DE, Wright C, Ma A, Carr K, Red L. Use of antimicrobial prophylaxis for major surgery: baseline results from the National Surgical Infection Prevention Project. Arch Surg. 2005 Feb;140(2):174-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11486303
Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis (timing): van Kasteren ME, Manniën J, Ott A, Kullberg BJ, de Boer AS, Gyssens IC. Antibiotic prophylaxis and the risk of surgical site infections following total hip arthroplasty: timely administration is the most important factor. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Apr 1;44(7):921-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17342642
Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis (timing): Koch CG, Li L, Hixson E, Tang A, Gordon S, Longworth D, Phillips S, Blackstone E, Henderson JM. Is it time to refine? An exploration and simulation of optimal antibiotic timing in general surgery. J Am Coll Surg. 2013 Oct;217(4):628-35.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23849901