Reference 33

Level I Good quality evidence Systematic review of RCTs with
consistent findings
High quality individual RCT
Level II Limited quality patient
orientated evidence
Systematic review of lower quality
studies or studies with inconsistent
findings
Low quality clinical trial
Cohort studies
Case-control studies
Level III Other Consensus guidelines, extrapolations
from bench research, usual practice,
opinion, disease-oriented evidence
(intermediate or physiologic outcomes
only), or case series

[33] Bipolar disorder management (predominantly manic symptoms): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: Overview of management of bipolar disorders in adults, March 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/

Haloperidol, IM (aggressive/ disruptive behaviour in acute mania): Dundar Y, Greenhalgh J, Richardson M, Dwan K. Pharmacological treatment of acute agitation associated with psychotic and bipolar disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2016 Jul;31(4):268-85. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27151529

Haloperidol, IM (aggressive/ disruptive behaviour in acute mania): Cipriani A, Rendell JM, Geddes JR. Haloperidol alone or in combination for acute mania. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Jul 19;(3):CD004362. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16856043

Risperidone, oral (acute treatment of mania): Butler M, Urosevic S, Desai P, Sponheim SR, Popp J, Nelson VA, et al. Treatment for Bipolar Disorder in Adults: A Systematic Review. AHRQ Comparative Effectiveness Reviews. Rockville (MD) 2018. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532183/

Lithium, oral (acute manic symptoms): Butler M, Urosevic S, Desai P, Sponheim SR, Popp J, Nelson VA, et al. Treatment for Bipolar Disorder in Adults: A Systematic Review. AHRQ Comparative Effectiveness Reviews. Rockville (MD) 2018. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532183/

Lithium, oral (prevention of manic relapse): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: Lithium, oral for acute and maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder in adults, October 2018. http://www.health.gov.za/

Valproate, oral (acute treatment of mania and prevention of relapse): Bipolar disorder management: National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: Overview of management of bipolar disorders in adults, March 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/

Olanzapine, oral (acute treatment of mania and prevention of relapse): National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: Olanzapine, oral for treatment and prevention of mania in bipolar disorder in adults, March 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/

Olanzapine, oral (acute treatment of mania): Butler M, Urosevic S, Desai P, Sponheim SR, Popp J, Nelson VA, et al. Treatment for Bipolar Disorder in Adults: A Systematic Review. AHRQ Comparative Effectiveness Reviews. Rockville (MD)2018. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532183/

Olanzapine, oral (prevention of manic relapse): Lindstrom L, Lindstrom E, Nilsson M, Hoistad M. Maintenance therapy with second generation antipsychotics for bipolar disorder - A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of affective disorders. 2017;213:138-50. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28222360

Olanzapine, oral (prevention of manic relapse): Miura T, Noma H, Furukawa TA, Mitsuyasu H, Tanaka S, Stockton S, et al. Comparative efficacy and tolerability of pharmacological treatments in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2014;1(5):351-9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26360999

Clozapine, oral (refractory bipolar disorder). National Department of Health: Affordable Medicines, EDP-Adult Hospital level. Medicine Review: Clozapine for refractory bipolar disorders in adults, March 2019. http://www.health.gov.za/

Clozapine, oral (refractory bipolar disorder): Li XB, Tang YL, Wang CY, de Leon J. Clozapine for treatment-resistant bipolar disorder: a systematic review. Bipolar Disord. 2015 May;17(3):235-47. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25346322